[00:00:08] Hello, dear students! I'm Teacher Han Xue for postgraduate entrance exam politics. Welcome back to the audio-guided study session for the recitation handbook.
[00:00:14] Today, we will continue with the study of key exam points in Mao Zedong Thought and the Theoretical System of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (Mao Zhong Te).
[00:00:17] As I mentioned before, this subject is not very difficult and doesn't account for a large share of the total score. Through these audio-guided sessions, I will focus on highlighting difficult and important exam points, so that you can better memorize and recite them through understanding.
[00:00:28] Alright, today we will complete the study of Topics 4 through 5 of Mao Zhong Te.
[00:00:32] First, let's turn to page 76 and begin the study of Topic 4.
[00:00:36] Now let's look at [00:00:37] Topic Four, [00:00:38] which centers on [00:00:40] the theory of socialist transformation within Mao Zedong Thought [00:00:41] and its corresponding exam points. [00:00:42] Let's understand [00:00:43] under what historical background [00:00:46] the theory of socialist transformation was born. [00:00:47] Mark this down clearly: [00:00:47] it was during the New Democratic Society period [00:00:50] from 1949 to 1956. [00:00:52] Mark it: [00:00:52] the theory of socialist transformation [00:00:55] was established during the New Democratic Society of 1949 to 1956. [00:00:58] As everyone knows, [00:00:59] in 1949 [00:01:00] we founded New China. [00:01:01] But China [00:01:02] did not enter socialist society directly; [00:01:04] instead, it first entered [00:01:06] the transitional period of the New Democratic Society. [00:01:08] It was during this transitional period [00:01:09] that the theory of socialist transformation took shape. [00:01:11] With the historical background now clear, [00:01:12] let's move to the second point below, [00:01:14] where the positioning becomes very clear. [00:01:16] During the transitional period, [00:01:17] the nature of our society— [00:01:18] underline this— [00:01:19] was the New Democratic Society. [00:01:21] But you should note [00:01:22] that the New Democratic Society [00:01:23] was not an independent social form, [00:01:25] but rather a transitional society [00:01:27] shifting from New Democracy [00:01:29] to socialism. [00:01:30] However, [00:01:31] it belonged to the socialist system— [00:01:33] just something to understand. [00:01:33] So under this historical background, [00:01:35] what economic sectors existed in China? [00:01:37] This point is quite important. [00:01:38] Let's look at point three on page 77, [00:01:40] regarding economic sectors. [00:01:41] During this period, [00:01:42] we had five economic sectors, [00:01:44] and among them, [00:01:45] these five economic sectors [00:01:46] can be divided into two major categories— [00:01:47] look at the difference between Circle 1 and Circle 2. [00:01:49] Among these five economic sectors, [00:01:51] three were the main economic sectors. [00:01:53] Look at Circle 1— [00:01:54] which three were the main ones? [00:01:56] Mark this as a multiple-choice question, [00:01:57] marking A, B, and C: [00:01:58] A, socialist economy; [00:02:00] B, individual economy; [00:02:01] C, capitalist economy. [00:02:03] How do you remember this, students? [00:02:05] You can think of it this way: [00:02:05] the main economic sectors [00:02:06] were either public ownership [00:02:08] or private ownership. [00:02:09] You see, the socialist economy belongs to public ownership, [00:02:12] while the individual economy and the capitalist economy belong to private ownership. [00:02:15] So anything that was publicly or privately owned [00:02:17] counted as a main economic sector. [00:02:19] Now let's determine which of these three [00:02:22] held the leading position. [00:02:24] Think about it—who led China? [00:02:26] It should be the proletariat in leadership, [00:02:27] meaning the publicly owned economy held the leading position, [00:02:29] right? [00:02:30] So let's mark point two: [00:02:31] among them, the state-owned economy held the leading position. [00:02:34] What is the state-owned economy? [00:02:35] Isn't it just the socialist economy owned by the state? [00:02:38] Mark it: [00:02:38] the state-owned economy held the leading position. [00:02:40] But we need to pay attention to a detail, students. [00:02:42] The state-owned economy can certainly be described as holding the leading position, [00:02:45] but can we say it held an absolute advantage? [00:02:48] What does holding an absolute advantage mean? [00:02:50] It means occupying the largest proportion of the total national economy— [00:02:53] that is an absolute advantage. [00:02:54] So who held the absolute advantage? [00:02:56] Mark this down: [00:02:56] it was the individual economy that held the absolute advantage. [00:02:59] Mark it: [00:03:00] the individual economy held the absolute advantage. [00:03:02] You should note [00:03:02] what the individual economy is— [00:03:03] mark this down: [00:03:04] it refers to the individual economy of peasants and handicraft workers, [00:03:08] the individual economy of peasants and handicraft workers. [00:03:10] So it's obvious that, [00:03:11] looking at the long course of China's historical development, [00:03:13] the individual agricultural economy [00:03:16] and handicraft economy must have accounted for a larger proportion, [00:03:18] which is why they are described as holding the absolute advantage. [00:03:20] Mark this down.
[00:03:21] The individual economy held an absolutely dominant position [00:03:23] Then, looking further, we see that [00:03:24] the individual economy [00:03:25] is described as an economy at the crossroads [00:03:27] What does that mean? [00:03:28] Let me explain it to you [00:03:29] What does "an economy at the crossroads" mean? [00:03:31] It means that [00:03:32] the individual economy [00:03:33] had no independent direction of its own [00:03:35] There were two possible directions to take: [00:03:36] either [00:03:37] being guided toward socialist cooperation, [00:03:40] or [00:03:40] spontaneously drifting toward capitalism [00:03:42] That is why it is called an economy at the crossroads [00:03:44] All right [00:03:45] So let's make a clear note: [00:03:46] the individual economy corresponds to [00:03:47] "absolutely dominant position" and "an economy at the crossroads" [00:03:50] Now, have you all noticed a problem? [00:03:52] During this period, [00:03:53] China had privately owned economies, [00:03:55] for example, the individual economy we just discussed, [00:03:57] as well as the capitalist economy— [00:03:59] these were all privately owned economies [00:04:00] But what are we doing now? [00:04:01] We are preparing to carry out the socialist transformation, [00:04:03] right? [00:04:04] We are going to gradually transform [00:04:05] the privately owned economies into public ownership [00:04:07] So how do we transform them gradually? [00:04:08] Let's look at point two: [00:04:09] the other two economic sectors, [00:04:11] which refers to two transitional economic sectors [00:04:14] Think about it, everyone— [00:04:14] who needs to make the transition? [00:04:16] Isn't it precisely privately owned economies like [00:04:18] the individual economy and the capitalist economy that need to transition? [00:04:20] So you can see that [00:04:22] the two transitional economic sectors [00:04:24] refer to the transitional forms of privately owned economies [00:04:27] such as the individual economy and private capitalist economy [00:04:29] For example, the first one is called [00:04:30] the semi-socialist cooperative economy [00:04:32] Make a note: [00:04:33] this is the transitional form [00:04:34] of the individual economy moving toward the socialist collective economy [00:04:37] What does that mean? [00:04:38] The individual economy is a privately owned economy. [00:04:40] We first transition it into [00:04:42] the semi-socialist cooperative economy, [00:04:44] and finally [00:04:45] into the socialist collective economy [00:04:47] Once it becomes a collective economy, [00:04:48] it has become a publicly owned economy, [00:04:50] right? [00:04:50] Then the second one: [00:04:52] the state capitalist economy—make a note— [00:04:53] this is the transitional form [00:04:56] of the private capitalist economy moving toward the socialist state-owned economy [00:04:59] You see, [00:05:00] the private capitalist economy [00:05:01] was privately owned at first. [00:05:03] We first transition it into the state capitalist economy, [00:05:05] and finally [00:05:06] into the socialist state-owned economy [00:05:08] You see, once it becomes a state-owned economy, [00:05:10] it has become a publicly owned economy [00:05:12] This part actually [00:05:13] also vividly demonstrates that [00:05:14] China's socialist transformation [00:05:16] was not achieved all at once, [00:05:17] but was a cautious, gradual, [00:05:18] and actively guided process [00:05:20] Now, points four and five: [00:05:22] let's understand that [00:05:22] the class composition and the principal contradiction [00:05:24] also changed [00:05:26] It is clear that the driving force of our previous revolution [00:05:29] was the workers, peasants, and petty bourgeoisie [00:05:30] Now let's look at point five, regarding the change in the principal contradiction: [00:05:33] with the basic completion of land reform, [00:05:34] our principal contradiction became [00:05:36] the contradiction between the working class and the bourgeoisie [00:05:38] Let's make a note: [00:05:39] from 1953 to 1956— [00:05:42] 1953 to 1956— [00:05:44] our principal contradiction was [00:05:45] the contradiction between the working class and the bourgeoisie [00:05:48] Now we need to clarify specifically [00:05:50] how exactly the socialist transformation was to be carried out [00:05:52] Look at Heading Two, called [00:05:53] the Party's General Line in the Transition Period [00:05:55] So what is the general line? [00:05:56] Look at point one, the content of the general line: [00:05:58] it is "one industrialization and three transformations" [00:06:00] What is the "one industrialization"? [00:06:01] Note the first line: socialist industrialization [00:06:04] And the "three transformations" refer to [00:06:05] which sectors we were to transform socialistically— [00:06:08] those privately owned ones, right? [00:06:09] That is, the socialist transformation [00:06:11] of individual agriculture, handicrafts, and capitalist industry and commerce
[00:06:15] So what is the relationship between them? [00:06:16] Let's look at the following phrase: [00:06:18] "One industrialization" is the main body, [00:06:19] "three transformations" are the two wings. [00:06:21] What does this mean? [00:06:22] Students, you can draw a little picture next to your notes— [00:06:24] draw a little bird. [00:06:25] Then, among the parts, [00:06:26] the bird's body [00:06:26] represents the "one industrialization," [00:06:28] while the two little wings [00:06:29] represent the "three transformations." [00:06:30] You see, through these two little wings, [00:06:32] our bird can [00:06:33] land more smoothly and steadily, right? [00:06:34] Right. [00:06:35] So it's the same idea: [00:06:36] through the Three Great Transformations, [00:06:37] industrialization [00:06:38] can run more smoothly and steadily. [00:06:40] So how exactly were the "one industrialization and three transformations" carried out? [00:06:42] Let's move on to the second characteristic. [00:06:44] It can be put this way: [00:06:44] socialist construction and socialist transformation [00:06:47] were carried out simultaneously. [00:06:48] In other words, the "one industrialization" and the "three transformations" [00:06:50] proceeded at the same time. [00:06:51] On this small point, [00:06:52] let me give you a quick note: [00:06:53] actually, at the very beginning, [00:06:54] our idea was to achieve transition in one step. [00:06:56] What does "transition in one step" mean? [00:06:58] It means first carrying out industrialization, [00:07:00] and then transitioning to socialism— [00:07:01] there was a sequential order to it. [00:07:03] So the initial idea was a one-step transition. [00:07:05] But did that happen in the end? [00:07:06] No. [00:07:06] In the end, we carried them out simultaneously. [00:07:08] So we need to pay attention here: [00:07:09] the original conception was a one-step transition, [00:07:11] but what was actually practiced was carrying them out simultaneously. [00:07:13] That's all you need to know. [00:07:14] So why did we formulate this [00:07:16] General Line for the Transition Period? [00:07:17] Let's look at the third small point: [00:07:19] the practical basis for the General Line for the Transition Period. [00:07:21] Regarding this practical basis, [00:07:23] broadly speaking, position it as a multiple-choice question— [00:07:24] mark it with an ABCD. [00:07:25] There are four bases in total. [00:07:27] Let's mark them first. [00:07:28] Among them, points one through three— [00:07:30] the first three small points— [00:07:31] are the practical basis at the domestic level. [00:07:33] Mark this down: [00:07:33] the first three points are the domestic-level practical basis, [00:07:36] while the last one, point four, [00:07:38] is the practical basis at the international level. Mark it: [00:07:40] it is the international-level practical basis. [00:07:42] Now, first let's look at point one. [00:07:43] Mark this down: [00:07:44] here it says that socialist state-owned economy [00:07:46] occupied a relatively strong position in the nation's economic life— [00:07:48] underline this— [00:07:51] which provided the material foundation for the Party to propose the General Line. [00:07:54] Mark it: the state-owned economy provided us with the material foundation. [00:07:58] Let me briefly explain this. [00:07:59] You should know that at that time, our country's socialist state-owned economy [00:08:02] had already taken control of the key lifelines of the national economy, [00:08:04] such as factories and mines, railways, and banks. [00:08:07] At the same time, the state-owned economy also held the leading position, [00:08:11] so of course the state-owned economy could provide us with a material foundation. [00:08:14] So keep this correspondence clear: [00:08:15] the state-owned economy provided us with the material foundation. [00:08:18] In fact, through point one we can understand [00:08:20] why our "one industrialization and three transformations" [00:08:22] had to develop in the socialist direction. [00:08:24] Okay, that's point one. [00:08:25] Now let's look at point two. [00:08:26] First, mark this down: [00:08:27] point two revolves around [00:08:28] the practical basis for transforming the individual economy. [00:08:31] Mark it down: [00:08:32] it is centered on the practical basis for transforming the individual economy. [00:08:35] So what was that practical basis? [00:08:37] It was that, after the land reform was completed, [00:08:39] the broad masses of peasants had a desire—underline this— [00:08:41] to take the road of mutual aid and cooperation. [00:08:43] What does this mean? [00:08:44] Actually, in the old liberated areas, [00:08:45] we had already practiced cooperative production. [00:08:48] A model had already been set. [00:08:49] Through cooperative production, [00:08:50] the peasants saw with their own eyes [00:08:52] that organizing together was indeed far better than fighting alone— [00:08:55] yields increased quite a lot. [00:08:56] Under these circumstances, [00:08:57] it laid a good foundation for our later pursuit of the road of mutual aid and cooperation [00:09:01] for the individual economy, [00:09:02] providing the practical basis for it. [00:09:03] As for point three, [00:09:05] it refers to the practical basis for the socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce. [00:09:09] Mark this down:
[00:09:09] This is the practical basis for the socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce. [00:09:13] It refers to the early period after the founding of the People's Republic of China, [00:09:15] when the state, in the process of utilizing and restricting capitalist industry and commerce, [00:09:19] accumulated experience [00:09:20] that became another important factor in the Party's proposal of the General Line. [00:09:24] Just familiarize yourselves with this. [00:09:24] Then finally, Point Four [00:09:25] is at the international level—easy to understand. [00:09:27] It's called the international situation at the time, [00:09:29] which was also favorable for China's transition to socialism. [00:09:32] This is very clear-cut, [00:09:33] so I don't need to say much more. [00:09:34] As for these four small points, [00:09:35] grasp them at a macro level as a multiple-choice question— [00:09:36] mark down A, B, C, and D. [00:09:38] Now then, [00:09:38] let's look at the fourth small point, [00:09:39] which concerns how the General Line for the transition period [00:09:41] reflected historical necessity. [00:09:43] What does this mean? [00:09:44] Let's clarify it once again: [00:09:45] why did China need to pursue socialist industrialization [00:09:48] and socialist transformation simultaneously? [00:09:51] Why was it certain and unwavering that it had to be this way? [00:09:53] Here, let's mark that [00:09:55] Points One and Two [00:09:55] focus on [00:09:56] why socialist industrialization was necessary. [00:09:59] Mark it down: [00:09:59] Points One and Two revolve around [00:10:01] why socialist industrialization was a must. [00:10:03] You see, it's very clear: [00:10:04] it means that socialist industrialization [00:10:06] was the primary condition for national independence and prosperity. [00:10:09] China had to take the path of socialist industrialization. [00:10:11] Conversely, [00:10:12] why couldn't it be capitalist industrialization? [00:10:13] The big problem lies in what? [00:10:14] Look at Point Two, which states that [00:10:15] the capitalist economic forces were weak, [00:10:18] their development was difficult, [00:10:19] and they could not possibly serve as the foundation for China's industrial takeoff. [00:10:22] Therefore, [00:10:23] it was certain and unwavering [00:10:23] that China had to take the path of socialist industrialization. [00:10:26] Now, Point Three [00:10:27] focuses on [00:10:28] why the Three Great Transformations had to be carried out simultaneously. [00:10:31] Take note of this: [00:10:31] why was the simultaneous implementation of the Three Great Transformations a must? [00:10:34] It means that [00:10:35] the socialist transformation of individual agriculture [00:10:38] was a necessary condition for ensuring industrial development [00:10:40] and achieving national industrialization. [00:10:43] Just be familiar with this. [00:10:44] Point Four concerns the international level— [00:10:46] once again the same: [00:10:47] the international environment at the time also prompted China to choose socialism. [00:10:50] At a macro level, a multiple-choice question—mark down A, B, C, and D. [00:10:53] In short, China was going to implement "one industrialization and three transformations," [00:10:56] implementing the General Line for the transition period. [00:10:57] So how exactly were we to carry out the Three Great Transformations? [00:11:00] Let's turn to Heading 3, [00:11:02] on the path of socialist transformation and its historical experience. [00:11:05] We will focus on the socialist transformation [00:11:07] of agriculture, handicrafts, [00:11:09] and capitalist industry and commerce, [00:11:09] unfolding it through specific points. [00:11:11] First, let's look at the first small point, [00:11:13] which is the socialist transformation of agriculture. [00:11:15] Regarding this section, [00:11:16] I'll mark out several small single-choice question statements for you. [00:11:18] For example, Point One: [00:11:19] what path did agricultural transformation take? [00:11:21] It was to actively guide farmers to organize themselves— [00:11:24] mark this down—to take the path of mutual aid and cooperation. [00:11:26] The path of mutual aid and cooperation is already very vivid: [00:11:29] what does mutual aid and cooperation mean? [00:11:30] It means helping each other, right? [00:11:31] If you have a hoe, bring the hoe; [00:11:33] if I have a sickle, I bring the sickle. [00:11:34] Together we help one another [00:11:36] and improve our production efficiency. [00:11:37] Then Point Two, the principles—familiarize yourselves with them: [00:11:39] they were the principles of voluntariness and mutual benefit, [00:11:41] demonstration by typical examples, and state assistance. [00:11:43] Through these principles and this path, [00:11:46] let's look at Point Five: [00:11:47] three steps were realized, [00:11:48] namely, adopting gradual, step-by-step measures, [00:11:51] starting from mutual aid teams—mark this down— [00:11:52] then to elementary agricultural producers' cooperatives, [00:11:55] and then to advanced agricultural producers' cooperatives. [00:11:58] Through the method of cooperativization, [00:12:00] agriculture, as an individual economy, [00:12:02] was transformed into a collective economy. [00:12:04] You see, once it was a collective economy, [00:12:05] that meant an economy of socialist character had been achieved. [00:12:08] Now, moving on to the second topic: [00:12:09] the socialist transformation of individual handicrafts. [00:12:12] Regarding Point Two, the steps—just briefly familiarize yourselves with them.
[00:12:14] It was also three steps. [00:12:15] From handicraft supply and marketing groups, [00:12:17] to handicraft supply and marketing cooperatives, [00:12:19] and finally to handicraft production cooperatives. [00:12:22] Through this method of cooperativization, [00:12:24] they were ultimately transformed into socialist in nature, [00:12:26] becoming collective economies. [00:12:27] Now, students can look directly at [00:12:29] the table on page 79, [00:12:30] which vividly and concretely illustrates [00:12:33] this gradual, step-by-step process of the three stages. [00:12:35] We should note that [00:12:36] whether it was agriculture or handicrafts, [00:12:39] for these individual economies, [00:12:40] the method we adopted was cooperativization. [00:12:43] Mark down "cooperativization." [00:12:44] This was the method applied to agriculture, handicrafts, and the individual economy. [00:12:47] However, [00:12:48] when it came to the transformation of capitalist industry and commerce, the method was somewhat different. [00:12:51] Let's look at point three: [00:12:52] the socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce. [00:12:55] The method became— [00:12:56] look at item one— [00:12:57] transforming capitalist industry and commerce [00:13:00] through peaceful redemption (buyout). [00:13:01] But you should note, students, [00:13:03] does peaceful redemption mean [00:13:04] that our state paid a large sum of compensation? [00:13:07] It was not like that. [00:13:08] What does it mean? Let's look at [00:13:10] the third line, which says: [00:13:10] the specific method of redemption. [00:13:12] Underline this. [00:13:12] It was not that the state paid a huge sum of compensation— [00:13:15] underline that— [00:13:16] but rather that [00:13:17] the capitalists were allowed, over a certain number of years, [00:13:19] to obtain a portion of the profits [00:13:20] from the operation of their enterprises. [00:13:22] That is what peaceful redemption meant. [00:13:23] Now look, students, [00:13:24] this part [00:13:25] very clearly demonstrates [00:13:27] that our Communist Party of China, [00:13:28] our country, [00:13:29] treated national industry and commerce [00:13:31] differently from bureaucratic capital, right? [00:13:33] Completely different. [00:13:34] As we said, [00:13:34] bureaucratic capital was the enemy, [00:13:36] while national capital [00:13:37] was a friend. [00:13:38] So the transformation of national capitalist industry and commerce [00:13:41] was achieved through the method of peaceful redemption. [00:13:43] And as we mentioned earlier, [00:13:44] how did we treat the bureaucratic bourgeoisie? [00:13:47] Do you remember? [00:13:47] In the previous chapter, we talked about [00:13:48] confiscating bureaucratic capital, the monopolistic capital, [00:13:51] and turning it into the property of the New Democratic state. [00:13:53] So let's make a distinction: [00:13:54] for bureaucratic capital, [00:13:55] we directly confiscated it. [00:13:57] Mark this down: [00:13:58] direct confiscation. [00:13:58] But for capitalist industry and commerce, [00:14:00] we used the method of peaceful redemption. [00:14:02] Keep this distinction clear: [00:14:03] one was a target of the revolution, [00:14:05] the other a driving force of the revolution. [00:14:06] Naturally, the methods were different. [00:14:08] So how exactly did we carry out the socialist transformation [00:14:10] of capitalist industry and commerce? [00:14:12] It also proceeded in stages. [00:14:13] Look at page 80, item— [00:14:15] the steps refer to adopting transitional forms [00:14:18] of state capitalism, [00:14:20] moving from lower to higher forms. [00:14:21] In this part, we need to pay attention to some small details of expression. [00:14:23] First, let's look at the first step, which refers to [00:14:25] lower (elementary) forms of state capitalism. [00:14:28] The corresponding forms—let's mark them down— [00:14:30] were: processing on commission, [00:14:32] planned ordering, [00:14:33] unified purchase and contracted marketing, and distribution as agents or on commission. [00:14:36] Now students, focus on circling "unified purchase and contracted marketing" (tonggou baoxiao). [00:14:40] Note that "unified purchase and contracted marketing" is not the same as "unified purchase and sale" (tonggou tongxiao). [00:14:43] They are definitely different. [00:14:45] Mark it down: not equal to unified purchase and sale. [00:14:47] Mark it: not equal to unified purchase and sale. [00:14:49] Let me briefly explain: [00:14:51] so-called unified purchase and sale refers to planned procurement and planned supply, [00:14:55] mainly involving strict state control. [00:14:58] At that time, products such as grain and cotton were managed uniformly by the state. [00:15:03] That was unified purchase and sale. [00:15:04] But for the lower forms of state capitalism, [00:15:06] it was not unified purchase and sale, [00:15:08] but unified purchase and contracted marketing. [00:15:09] Just pay attention to this detail. [00:15:11] So how was the gradual transformation of capitalist industry and commerce carried out? [00:15:14] Was it from the inside out, [00:15:16] or from the outside in?
[17] It must be a process from the surface to the inside, [00:15:19] from the outside to the inside. [00:15:20] So the first step— [00:15:21] make a note here. [00:15:22] Looking at the characteristics and nature that follow, [00:15:24] it refers to— [00:15:24] Point one is mainly cooperation with capitalists outside the enterprise. [00:15:28] Mark down "external." [00:15:29] Then, moving on, [00:15:30] the second step is the joint state-private ownership of individual enterprises. [00:15:33] At this point, [00:15:34] make a note of the corresponding characteristics and nature, [00:15:36] which refer to— [00:15:37] Point one: cooperation between socialist elements and capitalist elements inside the enterprise. [00:15:42] Mark down that at first it was external, [00:15:44] and later it moved to the internal. [00:15:45] Now, since socialist elements are cooperating inside the enterprise, [00:15:49] make a note that [00:15:49] enterprises at this stage are of a semi-socialist nature. [00:15:52] Finally, at the third step, [00:15:54] whole-industry joint state-private ownership—mark this down— [00:15:56] they basically became socialist state-owned in nature. [00:15:59] You see, since they are already socialist state-owned in nature, [00:16:02] haven't they become public-owned economy? [00:16:04] Now, among these, [00:16:05] regarding the third column, profit distribution, [00:16:07] you can get to know this: [00:16:08] the first two steps [00:16:09] correspond to the "four horses sharing the fodder" system (dividing profits into four shares), [00:16:11] while at the final step, [00:16:12] whole-industry joint state-private ownership, [00:16:13] it changed to fixed shares and fixed interest. [00:16:15] Pay attention to a possible single-choice question on this part. [00:16:17] All right, [00:16:18] that covers the specific process of the Three Great Transformations. [00:16:20] You see, students, [00:16:21] up to this point, [00:16:22] we have transformed agriculture and handicrafts— [00:16:23] individual economies—into a collective economy, [00:16:26] and transformed capitalist industry and commerce into a state-owned economy. [00:16:29] Look: a collective economy, [00:16:30] a state-owned economy— [00:16:31] what kind of economy is this? [00:16:32] It has become a public-owned economy, [00:16:34] an economy of socialist nature. [00:16:36] The Three Great Transformations— [00:16:37] the socialist transformation— [00:16:38] have been basically completed. [00:16:39] Now let's summarize the experience. [00:16:41] Come to point four, [00:16:42] on the historical experience of the socialist transformation. [00:16:44] Three sub-points—grasp them macroscopically; this makes one multiple-choice question. [00:16:46] Point one is called: [00:16:47] adhering to the simultaneous advancement of socialist industrialization and socialist transformation. [00:16:51] Point two: adopting the method of active guidance and gradual transition. [00:16:54] You see, all the Three Great Transformations proceeded through gradual transition. [00:16:57] Finally, point three: [00:16:58] all transformations were carried out by peaceful methods. [00:17:00] Grasp this macroscopically—one multiple-choice question. [00:17:02] Well then, students, [00:17:03] up to this point, [00:17:04] China's economic foundation has become a public-owned economy. [00:17:07] This means that China can now enter what kind of society? [00:17:10] Enter socialist society [00:17:12] and establish the basic socialist system. [00:17:14] So next, [00:17:15] let's turn to Heading Four, [00:17:16] on the establishment of the basic socialist system in China and its great significance. [00:17:20] First, let's mark down a single-choice question point. [00:17:22] Look at the first line on page 81, which says: [00:17:24] socialist public ownership [00:17:26] has become the economic foundation of our society. [00:17:29] This marks—underline this— [00:17:30] the end of the class exploitation system, [00:17:33] which had lasted for thousands of years in Chinese history, [00:17:35] and the establishment of the basic socialist system. [00:17:38] Now, it's very clear: [00:17:40] for China's entry into socialist society, [00:17:41] the most important marker— [00:17:42] does it correspond to the economic system [00:17:44] or the political system? [00:17:45] Hmm, certainly the economic aspect— [00:17:46] the economic base determines the superstructure, right? [00:17:49] So mark down in parentheses: [00:17:49] the establishment of the socialist economic system [00:17:52] is the most important marker of China's entry into socialist society. [00:17:54] Mark this clearly: [00:17:57] the most important marker corresponds to [00:17:58] the establishment of the socialist economic system. [00:18:01] Now, the establishment of China's socialist system [00:18:03] certainly has great significance. [00:18:05] So let's look at point two, [00:18:06] on the great significance of establishing the basic socialist system. [00:18:09] Regarding this part, [00:18:10] there are six sub-points. [00:18:10] Students can familiarize themselves with them macroscopically. [00:18:12] I'll point out some "most" formulations for you— [00:18:14] when you see them, don't be afraid to choose them. [00:18:15] For example, point one is called: [00:18:
[16] is the greatest and most profound social transformation [00:18:18] in Chinese history [00:18:21] It laid the institutional foundation [00:18:23] for all of contemporary China's development and progress [00:18:24] and also provided an important prerequisite for the innovation and development of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Mark this down [00:18:28] The most profound and greatest social transformation [00:18:31] — nothing compares to entering socialist society [00:18:33] Of course this is the most profound and greatest transformation [00:18:35] Next, point two, which is called [00:18:36] It achieved the great leap of the Chinese nation from continuous decline to fundamentally turning its destiny around [00:18:40] and continuously moving toward prosperity and strength [00:18:43] In the future, our China will continue to become prosperous and even strong [00:18:47] Next, point three, which is called [00:18:48] It made the broad masses of working people truly become the masters of the country [00:18:52] This is the most fundamental transformation [00:18:54] in class relations in several thousand years of Chinese history [00:18:56] Mark down "most fundamental" [00:18:57] All right [00:18:57] That concludes the key and difficult points of [00:18:59] the theory of socialist transformation in Topic Four [00:19:01] Because this year [00:19:02] is the anniversary of the completion of the Three Great Transformations [00:19:05] I've explained it to you in quite some detail [00:19:06] I hope students will grasp it as a priority [00:19:07] Now then [00:19:08] Let's move on to Topic Five [00:19:09] On the theoretical achievements of the preliminary exploration [00:19:11] of the road of socialist construction [00:19:13] Let's mark this down [00:19:13] Topic Five [00:19:14] corresponds to the time period of [00:19:16] the theoretical achievements formed between 1956 and 1978 [00:19:19] Mark this down [00:19:20] 1956 to 1978 [00:19:22] Look, students [00:19:22] Now that China has entered socialist society [00:19:25] what do we do next? [00:19:26] We need to find the road of how to build socialism in China [00:19:29] Right? [00:19:30] So first [00:19:31] let's look at the heading [00:19:32] On the proposal of the second combination of Marxism with China's reality [00:19:36] Let's mark this down [00:19:37] What is the second combination? [00:19:38] Look at the statement in the fourth line, which says [00:19:41] We must carry out a second combination [00:19:43] Why? [00:19:43] Underline this: [00:19:44] to find the road of how to build socialism in China [00:19:47] You should pay attention [00:19:48] Who proposed the second combination? [00:19:50] Look further on, it says [00:19:51] Mao Zedong proposed the task of the second combination [00:19:54] which provided the basic guiding principles [00:19:56] for exploring the road of socialist construction [00:19:57] suited to China's conditions [00:19:59] But we should note a detail here [00:20:01] Mao Zedong did indeed propose the second combination [00:20:04] but Mao Zedong did not realize the second combination [00:20:07] So you should mark this down [00:20:08] Proposing does not equal realizing [00:20:10] nor does it equal completing the second combination [00:20:12] Mark it down [00:20:13] It does not equal completing the second combination [00:20:15] nor does it equal realizing the second combination [00:20:17] This detail must be grasped as a priority [00:20:19] Now then [00:20:20] We need to find the road of how to build socialism in China [00:20:24] So how did we find it? [00:20:25] Let's look at the theoretical output that follows [00:20:26] Turn to page 82, Heading 2 [00:20:28] The important theoretical achievements of the preliminary exploration [00:20:30] First [00:20:31] the first article is "On the Ten Major Relationships" [00:20:34] Mark it with a key-point symbol as well [00:20:35] This is an anniversary exam point [00:20:36] So what does "On the Ten Major Relationships" say? [00:20:38] Look at point one, which is called [00:20:39] It clearly proposed taking the Soviet Union as a lesson learned [00:20:41] Underline this: independently [00:20:43] exploring the road of socialist construction suited to China's conditions [00:20:46] This made clear [00:20:48] that in building socialism we must [00:20:50] — underline this — proceed from our own country's conditions and take our own road [00:20:52] this fundamental idea [00:20:54] Mark this down [00:20:54] "On the Ten Major Relationships" clearly proposed [00:20:57] that we must act independently [00:20:58] and take our own road based on our country's conditions [00:21:01] We should pay attention to this detail [00:21:02] Now, was the fundamental idea proposed in "On the Ten Major Relationships" [00:21:05] correct? It was absolutely correct [00:21:06] So let's mark this down [00:21:07] "On the Ten Major Relationships" [00:21:08] marked the Party's exploration of China's socialist road [00:21:11] — underline this — a good beginning [00:21:13] Mark this down [00:21:13] "Good beginning" corresponds to "On the Ten Major Relationships" [00:21:16] At the same time, in "On the Ten Major Relationships" [00:21:18] we proposed a basic policy [00:21:19] Mark down a single-choice question
Topic selection
[00:21:21] Look at circle two, which is called [00:21:21] establishing a basic policy, namely [00:21:23] mobilizing all positive factors [00:21:25] to serve the socialist cause [00:21:28] As for the rest of the content, [00:21:29] students can just take a quick look [00:21:30] to get familiar with it [00:21:31] Now let's move on to the second article [00:21:33] Point two: [00:21:33] On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People [00:21:36] Quite obviously, [00:21:37] this article [00:21:38] focuses on contradictions [00:21:40] —contradictions of what kind of society? [00:21:42] Certainly the contradictions of our socialist society, [00:21:44] right? [00:21:45] So you need to note: [00:21:46] do contradictions exist in socialist society? [00:21:47] Of course they do. [00:21:48] Marxism tells us [00:21:50] that contradictions exist everywhere [00:21:51] and at all times. [00:21:52] So look at circle one: [00:21:53] socialist society is likewise full of contradictions, [00:21:55] and it is precisely these contradictions [00:21:57] that push socialist society [00:21:59] to keep moving forward. [00:22:01] So what are the basic contradictions [00:22:02] of our socialist society? [00:22:03] Historical materialism covered this— [00:22:04] it's still those two pairs: [00:22:05] the contradictions between [00:22:07] the relations of production and the productive forces, [00:22:09] and between the superstructure and the economic base. [00:22:10] But you must note [00:22:11] that the contradictions of our socialist society [00:22:13] are fundamentally different [00:22:14] from those of the old society. [00:22:16] This is richly presented through their nature and characteristics. [00:22:19] Look at how it's stated: [00:22:20] In terms of nature, [00:22:21] the contradictions of our socialist society [00:22:22] are contradictions on the basis of the fundamental unity of interests among the people— [00:22:26] they are non-antagonistic contradictions. [00:22:28] Next, [00:22:29] the characteristics: [00:22:29] the contradictions of our socialist society [00:22:31] are both conforming and contradictory. [00:22:33] And mark this down: [00:22:34] the conforming aspect is the fundamental one. [00:22:36] So then, students, [00:22:37] since the conforming aspect is the fundamental one, [00:22:40] when we resolve these contradictions, [00:22:42] do we need to overthrow our socialist system? [00:22:44] No, we don't. [00:22:45] They can be continuously resolved [00:22:47] through the socialist system itself. [00:22:48] So let's look at the method of resolution: [00:22:50] since the conforming aspect is the fundamental one, [00:22:53] therefore they can [00:22:57] be continuously resolved through the socialist system itself. [00:22:58] Mark this as a single-choice question expression. [00:23:00] Next, [00:23:01] let's specifically classify the contradictions of socialist society. [00:23:03] Look at circle three: [00:23:05] the contradictions of socialist society, [00:23:06] as reflected in politics, [00:23:07] can be divided—underline this— [00:23:08] into contradictions between the enemy and us, and contradictions among the people. [00:23:11] Now look: [00:23:12] are these two types of contradictions the same in nature? [00:23:14] Completely different, right? [00:23:16] So look at the first line: [00:23:17] these are two types of contradictions entirely different in nature. [00:23:19] So can contradictions that are different [00:23:21] be resolved by the same method? [00:23:22] No, they cannot. [00:23:23] Marxism tells us [00:23:24] we must analyze specific problems specifically, right? [00:23:27] So look at the second line: [00:23:28] the basic methods for resolving the contradictions—match them clearly. [00:23:31] To resolve contradictions between the enemy and us, mark down: the method of dictatorship; [00:23:34] while to resolve contradictions among the people, [00:23:36] underline this: the democratic method is used. [00:23:39] So quite clearly, [00:23:40] this article [00:23:40] focuses on the question of resolving contradictions among the people, [00:23:43] right? [00:23:44] So next, let's turn to page 83. [00:23:46] Resolving different contradictions among the people [00:23:49] requires corresponding different policies and principles. [00:23:51] For this part, students, just get familiar with it— [00:23:53] being able to match the keywords clearly is enough. [00:23:55] Let me read them to you—listen carefully: [00:23:56] For contradictions among the people in the political and ideological sphere, [00:23:59] implement the policy of "unity—criticism—unity," [00:24:02] adhering to the methods of persuasion and education, and discussion. [00:24:05] For contradictions among the people in the distribution of material interests, [00:24:07] implement the policy of overall consideration and appropriate arrangement. [00:24:10] For contradictions between the masses and government organs, [00:24:13] adhere to the principle of democratic centralism. [00:24:15] For contradictions in the sphere of science and culture, [00:24:17] implement the policy of "let a hundred flowers bloom"
[00:24:19] The policy of "a hundred schools of thought contending" [00:24:21] Regarding the contradictions between the Communist Party and the democratic parties, [00:24:23] the policy to be implemented—under the premise of adhering to the socialist road [00:24:25] and the leadership of the Communist Party— [00:24:27] is "long-term coexistence and mutual supervision." [00:24:31] Now, about this small point, [00:24:31] let me give you some background: today we generally call this the Sixteen-Character Policy, [00:24:35] because some additional phrases were added: [00:24:36] "long-term coexistence and mutual supervision," [00:24:38] plus "treating each other with all sincerity" [00:24:40] and "sharing weal and woe." [00:24:42] Make a note of this: [00:24:42] it is now called the Sixteen-Character Policy— [00:24:45] long-term coexistence and mutual supervision, [00:24:46] with eight more characters added: [00:24:47] treating each other with all sincerity, [00:24:49] sharing weal and woe. [00:24:50] Just familiarize yourselves with it briefly. [00:24:51] Finally, [00:24:52] regarding ethnic contradictions, [00:24:53] the policy of ethnic equality, [00:24:54] unity, and mutual assistance is to be implemented. [00:24:56] For this part, a simple familiarity is enough. [00:24:58] Next, let's mark another single-choice question point. [00:25:00] Look at the first line below this table, which says [00:25:03] that the theme of political life in socialist countries [00:25:06] is correctly handling the contradictions among the people. [00:25:10] This corresponds exactly to the title of that work. [00:25:12] Moving on, [00:25:13] let's look at an important conference— [00:25:15] this is point three: [00:25:16] the Eighth National Congress of the CPC. [00:25:16] Note that [00:25:17] the Eighth Congress was held in 1956, [00:25:20] so it is also an important anniversary conference. [00:25:22] The Eighth Congress [00:25:23] very clearly analyzed [00:25:25] the principal contradiction in China at that time. [00:25:27] Look, students— [00:25:28] it was already 1956, [00:25:29] and China had already entered socialist society, [00:25:31] which means [00:25:32] the principal contradiction in China's socialist society [00:25:34] could no longer be the former contradiction between the enemy and us, could it? [00:25:36] No, it could not. [00:25:37] The principal contradiction had become a contradiction among the people, right? [00:25:39] So, at the first line of the Eighth Congress section, circle one: [00:25:42] the Eighth Congress correctly analyzed the change in the principal contradiction in our society. [00:25:46] But there's no need to fear contradictions— [00:25:47] we resolve them through our tasks, right? [00:25:50] So the Eighth Congress also clearly proposed the main tasks of the Party and the people under the new situation. [00:25:55] We must first identify the contradiction in order to determine what the main task is. [00:25:58] Let's first look at the Eighth Congress's analysis of the principal contradiction in our country at that time. [00:26:02] In the second half of the second line, it says [00:26:04] that the principal domestic contradiction was no longer between the working class and the bourgeoisie, [00:26:09] but rather between the people's need for the rapid development of the economy and culture [00:26:13] and the current situation in which the economy and culture could not meet the people's needs. [00:26:18] See what the principal contradiction has become? [00:26:19] It has become a contradiction among the people. [00:26:21] Now think about it— [00:26:22] why could the needs of the people not be met? [00:26:25] Because of the backwardness of the productive forces. [00:26:27] Since the problem lies in the productive forces, [00:26:30] our task must be to solve this problem. [00:26:32] So look at the next line: [00:26:33] the main task of the people of the whole country— [00:26:35] underline this—is to concentrate efforts on developing the social productive forces. [00:26:39] And the fundamental task [00:26:41] also revolves around the productive forces. [00:26:42] Look at the last line: [00:26:43] the fundamental task is already to protect and develop the productive forces [00:26:47] under the new relations of production, [00:26:49] and to shift the focus of the work of the Party and the state [00:26:51] to technological revolution and socialist construction. [00:26:54] At the same time, note that [00:26:55] the Eighth Congress also put forward a very important economic construction policy. [00:26:58] Look at circle two, the point to pay attention to: [00:27:00] the Eighth Congress proposed [00:27:02] an economic construction policy of opposing both conservatism and rash advance, [00:27:04] that is, steady progress [00:27:06] on the basis of comprehensive balance. [00:27:09] Note that [00:27:09] the economic policy of steady progress on the basis of comprehensive balance [00:27:12] was put forward at the Eighth Congress— [00:27:14] be sure to match this correctly. [00:27:15] Now look, students— [00:27:16] in 1956, [00:27:18] China had basically completed the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts, and capitalist industry and commerce, [00:27:20] but at the same time, [00:27:21] China was still carrying out [00:27:22] socialist industrialization. [00:27:24] So next, [00:27:26] let's look at point four: [00:27:27] the idea of taking the Chinese road to industrialization. [00:27:29] Actually, regarding the road to industrialization, [00:27:31] in multiple works...
...has been raised in previous chapters. [00:27:32] For example, in "On the Ten Major Relationships," [00:27:34] we discussed how to open up [00:27:36] a path of industrialization different from that of the Soviet Union. [00:27:38] For example, in the article "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People," [00:27:42] we also explicitly raised the question of China's path of industrialization.
[00:27:45] Now let's clarify systematically and clearly [00:27:48] what exactly our thinking on the path of industrialization is. [00:27:50] First, note this: it proposed taking industry as the leading factor, [00:27:53] making heavy industry the focus of our country's economic construction.
[00:27:57] Then, on the second line: it established the general policy of taking agriculture as the foundation, [00:28:00] industry as the leading factor, [00:28:02] and developing the national economy in the order of agriculture, light industry, and heavy industry. [00:28:05] Just familiarize yourself briefly with this part.
[00:28:06] Actually, it's quite obvious, students— [00:28:07] why should agriculture be the foundation? [00:28:09] China has always been a large agricultural country, [00:28:11] right? [00:28:12] This is determined by the basic national conditions.
[00:28:13] At the same time, [00:28:14] agriculture is also the raw material base for light industry, [00:28:16] and therefore we follow the general policy of developing the national economy [00:28:18] in the order of agriculture, light industry, and heavy industry. [00:28:20] For this part, [00:28:21] we just need to briefly mark some key words and expressions.
[00:28:24] Finally, regarding the fifth sub-point, [00:28:26] other theoretical achievements of the initial exploration— [00:28:28] for the other content, [00:28:29] we just need a general sense of familiarity. [00:28:30] Alright, students, [00:28:31] that covers the key and difficult points of Topic Five.
[00:28:34] Overall speaking, [00:28:35] in both Topic Four and Topic Five, [00:28:36] the content issued in 1956 [00:28:39] has been emphasized for you, [00:28:40] because these parts [00:28:41] are anniversary exam points. [00:28:42] I hope everyone can deepen familiarity and memorization through understanding. [00:28:45] Alright, that concludes today's [00:28:47] key and difficult points.
[00:28:48] Finally, as usual, [00:28:49] let's move on to the module of [00:28:50] reading the material and identifying the principles.